The Genus Tricholoma 
[ Basidiomycota > Agaricales > Tricholomataceae . . . ]
by Michael Kuo
Tricholoma is a fairly large genus of mycorrhizal gilled mushrooms with white spore prints, fleshy stems, and gills that are attached to the stem, often by means of a slight "notch." Under the microscope, Tricholoma species have inamyloid spores. Though species of Tricholoma can be found across our continent from spring to fall (and nearly year-round in warm climates), the mushrooms tend to like cooler conditions and are most abundant in montane and northern forests, particularly in the fall. Some species are distinctive—especially those with rings and those with a strong, foul odor reminiscent of coal tar. A few species are brightly colored. But many, many Tricholoma species, are gray, grayish, brown, or brownish, and frustratingly similar.
Though microscopic features enable mycologists to separate some Tricholoma species, most of the 100 or so species described in North America are defined on the basis of physical features that do not require a microscope to determine. Unfortunately, however, these physical features are often variable, hard to determine with exactitude, and debated by mycologists. The texture of the cap, colors, bruising and discoloring reactions, and odors and tastes separate many of the species. Since the mushrooms are mycorrhizal, paying attention to the trees in the area can go a long way toward identifying your Tricholoma. A few species have distinctive reactions to chemicals. Microscopic features include the presence or absence of cystidia and clamp connections, and spore dimensions.
Technical treatments of Tricholoma in North America (most of which are listed below) are hard to come by, and consist of the doctoral dissertations and masters theses of Tricholoma experts treating limited areas of the continent, along with publications in mycological journals that treat small sections of the genus or describe a few new species. Things Tricholoma are less dismal in Europe, where DNA studies have been combined with centuries of careful documentation of physical features and ecology, resulting in a fairly clear picture of the species. Although some species do appear to occur in Europe and North America, especially in boreal and montane ecosystems, many North American species that are currently going under European names are likely to be revised once contemporary methods are applied.
Similar mushrooms include the clitocyboid mushrooms, which usually have gills that are more broadly attached to the stem and often begin to run down it—and species of Leucopaxillus, which have gills that can be separated as a layer (illustration), prominent basal mycelium, and spiny, amyloid spores. Species of Floccularia, Porpoloma, and Pogonoloma can also appear very similar to species of Tricholoma, but have amyloid spores.
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Key to 80+ Tricholomas in North America
Bypass Links:
Ring present
No ring, hardwoods
No ring, conifers
| 1. | Stem with a ring or prominent, flaring sheath. | 2 |
| 1. | Ring or flaring sheath absent, though a cortina or ring zone may be present. | 14 |
| 2. | Mycorrhizal with conifers. | 7 |
| 3. | Spores inamyloid; western and eastern species. | 4 |
| 4. | Mycorrhizal with willows in northern North America from coast to coast; cap grayish; taste mealy; gills developing greenish yellow stains. | Tricholoma cingulatum |
| 4. | Not completely as above. | 5 |
| 5. | Probably mycorrhizal with blueberry bushes (or oaks?); flesh discoloring bluish to grayish when sliced; gills bluish gray in age; taste bitter or disagreeable; cap reddish to cinnamon brown; iron salts gray in stem base. | Tricholoma caligatum
var. glaucescens |
| 5. | Not completely as above. | 6 |
| 6. | Taste bitter; associated with oaks across North America. | |
| 6. | Taste spicy; associated with tanoak and madrone on the West Coast. | |
| 7. | Cap otherwise colored (brown, cinnamon brown, grayish, whitish, etc.); odor and taste mild, bitter, or mealy. | 9 |
| 8. | Lacking a true ring or a flaring sheath; "sheath" merely composed of dark scales on the stem surface that terminate in a line near the apex. | |
| 9. | Taste very bitter; cap 4.5–7 cm across, with dark brown fibers and scales over a whitish background; found in western North America; spores 5–7 x 4–6 µm. | |
| 9. | Not completely as above. | 10 |
| 10. | Spores amyloid; western species. | |
| 10. | Spores inamyloid; western and eastern species. | 11 |
| 11. | Stem slimy, staining brownish with age; cap dry (possibly slimy when young), whitish or tinged with yellow, with pressed-down fibers; odor strongly pungent and alkaline; taste mild; mycorrhizal with eastern hemlock in eastern North America (possibly also occurring in the Rocky Mountains under unspecified conifers). | Tricholoma viscidipes |
| 11. | Not completely as above. | 12 |
| 12. | Odor and taste strongly mealy; ring inconspicuous and fragile; cap whitish at first but soon grayish to brownish; found in western North America. | Tricholoma vernaticum |
| 12. | Odor spicy (reminiscent of cinnamon), taste mild; ring thick and persistent; cap whitish with pale brown fibers and scales; eastern and western North America. | 13 |
| 13. | Found east of the Rocky Mountains. | |
| 13. | Found from the Rocky Mountains westward. | |
| 14. | Mycorrhizal with hardwoods (if your collection was made in "mixed woods," try conifers first). | 15 |
| 14. | Mycorrhizal with conifers. | 56 |
| | [No ring, hardwoods . . . ] | |
| 15. | Cap white or whitish overall when mature. | 16 |
| 15. | Cap more highly colored when mature. | 23 |
| 16. | Taste not mealy (mild, bitter, acrid, or disagreeable). | 20 |
| 17. | Mycorrhizal with tanoak and madrone in California, fruiting in winter; cap whitish with grayish fibers, at least over the center; gills white or flushed with pink. | |
| 17. | Not completely as above. | 18 |
| 18. | Cap with prominent, radiating, tan to brownish fibers over a whitish to buff ground color; growing in hardwood forests east of the Great Plains. | |
| 18. | Cap without prominent tan to brownish fibers (fibers, if present, whitish and/or minute); variously distributed. | 19 |
| 19. | Cap pure white or with tan shades, especially over the center; cap and stem sometimes discoloring bluish to greenish; common in the Great Lakes states and eastern North America. | |
| 19. | Cap without tan shades; cap and stem not discoloring, or discoloring reddish, yellowish, or bluish; European species whose presence in North America is debatable. | |
| 20. | Cap with densely interwoven fibers, usually with grayish or tan shades mixed with white; gill edges bruising and discoloring grayish to blackish; odor not distinctive; taste mild or bitter. | Tricholoma serratifolium |
| 20. | Not completely as above. | 21 |
| 21. | Cap, stem and gills discoloring yellowish; flesh yellowing when sliced; odor strong and unpleasant (reminiscent of coal tar); taste disagreeable; found east of the Rocky Mountains. | Tricholoma sulphurescens |
| 21. | Not completely as above. | 22 |
| 22. | Taste very bitter; odor fragrant, mealy, or foul; gills separable as a layer; cap margin inrolled and ridged; recorded in eastern North America; spores spiny and amyloid; basal mycelium copious and spreading through substrate (mushroom not mycorrhizal). | |
| 22. | Taste bitter at first, then peppery-hot; odor strong and unpleasant; gills tightly affixed; cap margin not ridged; European species whose presence in North America is debatable; spores not spiny or amyloid; basal mycelium not copious. | Tricholoma album |
| 23. | Flesh in base of stem pinkish orange (illustration); cap color ranging from gray to olive (but not yellow or bright green) to brown; odor reminiscent of soap, or sometimes mealy or not distinctive. | |
| 23. | Flesh in stem base not pinkish orange; cap color and odor varying. | 24 |
| 24. | Cap yellow, yellowish, or yellowish green—or discoloring yellow, or yellow to yellowish or yellowish green underneath darker fibers or scales. | 25 |
| 24. | Yellow shades absent from cap. | 30 |
| 25. | Odor strong and unpleasant, reminiscent of coal tar. | 26 |
| 25. | Odor mild, soapy, fragrant, or mealy. | 28 |
| 26. | Cap whitish to buff when young, often with a yellowish or tan center; cap and stem bruising and discoloring yellow; flesh yellowing when sliced. | Tricholoma sulphurescens |
| 26. | Cap yellow or yellowish when young; cap and stem with yellow shades but not bruising yellow; flesh not yellowing when sliced. | 27 |
| 27. | Cap and gills yellow or yellowish when young, but fading to buff or whitish by maturity. | |
| 27. | Cap and gills yellow or yellowish when young, not fading to buff or whitish. | Tricholoma sulphureum |
| 28. | Cap yellow to yellowish overall; pressed-down fibers if present yellowish or very pale grayish, not contrasting strongly; taste mealy. | |
| 28. | Cap with a yellow to yellowish or yellowish green ground color, overlaid with substantially darker pressed-down fibers; taste mild, acrid, or mealy. | 29 |
| 29. | Cap ground color more or less olive, with yellow shades near the margin; odor not distinctive; taste mild becoming acrid; gills sometimes discoloring brownish on their edges. | Tricholoma palustre |
| 29. | Cap ground color more yellow than above, with olive shades sometimes mixed in; odor mealy; taste mealy; gills not discoloring. | |
| 30. | Taste mild, soapy, bitter, or acrid—but not mealy. | 31 |
| 31. | Mycorrhizal with manzanita in California, fruiting in winter; cap initially buff, becoming pale orangish and eventually brownish, at least over the center; gills white at first, becoming flushed with pink or orange, eventually yellowish; stem whitish with yellowish fibers; all parts frequently discoloring reddish with age. | Tricholoma manzanitae |
| 31. | Not completely as above. | 32 |
| 32. | Cap ground color more or less olive, with dark gray to blackish pressed-down fibers overlaid; gills yellowish green, sometimes discoloring brownish on their edges; stem yellowish green, often with a pinkish base; known from oak-hickory and beech-maple woods in the Great Lakes states, eastern North America, and Texas. | Tricholoma palustre |
| 32. | Not completely as above. | 33 |
| 33. | Stem white with the base flushed greenish or bluish, with yellow basal mycelium present; cap grayish to brownish with blackish fibers or scales; gills white at first, becoming pinkish or reddish, sometimes with blackish edges; reported from the Pacific Northwest and California. | Tricholoma orirubens |
| 33. | Not completely as above. | 34 |
| 34. | Cap orange-brown to reddish brown; gills developing reddish brown spots and stains, especially on their edges. | Tricholoma ustale |
| 34. | Cap otherwise colored; gills not developing reddish brown spots or stains. | 35 |
| 35. | Mushroom identifier agrees not to blame the messenger on discovering that two or three species are virtually indistinguishable—with or without a microscope. (The mushrooms all grow east of the Rocky Mountains in beech-maple or oak-hickory woods, have gray or grayish caps with varying degrees of "fibrillosity" and "streakedness," have gills that may develop dark edges, taste bitter, lack an odor, have spores 6–8 x 5–6 µm, have cheilocystidia, and lack clamp connections.) | 36 |
| 35. | Mushroom identifier not as above. | Bitter Gray Tricholoma |
| 36. | Cap whitish with gray, tan, or brownish areas, especially over the center; gills white at first. | Tricholoma serratifolium |
| 36. | Cap more evenly gray than above; gills off-white at first. | 37 |
| 37. | Cap often broadly bell-shaped at maturity, light to medium gray, with prominent fibers over the center and on the margin; gills without pinkish shades when young. | Tricholoma acre |
| 37. | Cap not broadly bell-shaped at maturity, darker gray than above, with prominent fibers over the center and pressed-down fibers elsewhere; gills often with pinkish shades when young. | Tricholoma pullum |
| 38. | Cap gray to grayish brown, bald and smooth, not at all fibrillose; pileipellis hymeniform. | |
| 38. | Cap variously colored, fibrillose, or if bald then not gray; pileipellis a cutis. | 39 |
| 39. | Most buttons featuring a fairly well-developed, cortina-like veil between the cap margin and stem (sometimes collapsing on the stem surface and leaving remnants); cap brownish gray; spores 2–3 µm wide. | |
| 39. | Cortina-like veil absent; cap and spore width varying. | 40 |
| 40. | Cap brown, brownish, tan, or reddish brown at maturity. | 41 |
| 40. | Cap gray, grayish, purplish gray, or blackish at maturity. | 51 |
| 41. | Cap with prominent, radiating, tan to brownish fibers over a whitish to buff ground color; gills not discoloring at maturity; recorded from the Great Lakes states. | |
| 41. | Cap not as above; gills often discoloring by maturity; variously distributed. | 42 |
| 42. | Not completely as above. | 43 |
| 43. | Fresh gills pale to bright yellow. | 44 |
| 44. | Mycorrhizal with birch. | Tricholoma fulvum |
| 44. | Mycorrhizal with oaks. | |
| 45. | Mycorrhizal with coast live oak; on the West Coast; cap pale orangish or buff at first, darkening in patches to brownish orange, eventually brownish overall; gills whitish, spotting brownish; stem whitish at apex, elsewhere darkening to brownish from the base up. | Tricholoma dryophilum |
| 45. | Not completely as above. | 46 |
| 46. | Stem at maturity whitish overall, sometimes with a dingy base. | 47 |
| 46. | Stem at maturity brownish to reddish brown, yellowish brown, or brownish salmon, at least over the bottom half. | 48 |
| 47. | Cap sticky when fresh, often somewhat wrinkled or corrugated, dark brown, usually with olive brown shades. | Tricholoma olivaceobrunneum |
| 47. | Cap dry throughout development, with pressed-down fibers but not wrinkled or corrugated, brown to yellow-brown. | |
| 48. | Cap slimy when fresh and young (in dry conditions or when young specimens are unavailable, check cap surface for appressed leaves and debris, or check microscopically for an ixocutis). | 49 |
| 48. | Cap dry in all stages of development. | 50 |
| 49. | Gills whitish before discoloring. | |
| 49. | Gills pinkish buff before discoloring. | Tricholoma pudorinum |
| 50. | Cap light pinkish to salmon underneath brown fibers, sometimes greenish at the margin; gills light buff, discoloring and bruising salmon; stem whitish above, salmon below; cystidia present only on gill edges. | Tricholoma insigne |
| 50. | Cap yellowish brown to brown over the center, paler brown elsewhere, sometimes yellow or yellowish green on the margin; gills buff to gray, in age becoming yellow near the cap margin and sometimes overall, discoloring brownish on their edges; stem whitish, becoming yellowish brown in places; cystidia present on both gill edges and faces. | Tricholoma luteomaculosum |
| 51. | Found east of the Rocky Mountains. | 52 |
| 51. | Found in western North America. | 54 |
| 52. | Stem whitish, not discoloring, with silky whitish fibers but without darker fibers or scales; cap slimy when fresh and young; gills whitish becoming yellowish when overmature. | Tricholoma marquettense |
| 52. | Not completely as above. | 53 |
| 53. | Gills at first buff to light gray, sometimes becoming flushed with salmon shades, the edges often discoloring grayish; stem whitish with grayish to brown scales; cystidia absent; clamp connections absent. | |
| 53. | Gills dull white, not discoloring; stem white with grayish fibers; cystidia sometimes present on gill edges; clamp connections present. | Tricholoma huronense |
| 54. | Cap dry in all stages of development, with an inrolled and bearded margin when young; gills white to pale gray, not discoloring; stem grayish with blackish scales and fibers; stem base often becoming red when dried; cystidia and clamp connections absent. | Tricholoma atrosquamosum |
| 54. | Not completely as above. | 55 |
| 55. | Cap at maturity dark gray to purplish gray, not wrinkled; gills white, discoloring pinkish brown to grayish orange; stem white, discoloring pale orange at the base; in California associated with oaks. | Tricholoma griseoviolaceum |
| 55. | Cap at maturity medium to dark gray, without purplish hues, often radially wrinkled; gills white, discoloring pale golden brown; stem white, discoloring pale golden brown; in California associated with tanoak or in mixed evergreen forests. | Tricholoma mutabile |
| | [No ring, conifers . . . ] | |
| 56. | Flesh in base of stem pinkish orange (illustration); cap color ranging from gray to olive (but not yellow or bright green) to brown; odor reminiscent of soap, or sometimes mealy or not distinctive. | 57 |
| 56. | Flesh in stem base not pinkish orange; cap color and odor varying. | 58 |
| 57. | Associated with spruces in northern and montane North America; cap yellow to greenish yellow or green (but not grayish olive); stem base often tapered and rooting into the duff; odor soap-like or not distinctive. | |
| 57. | Associated with various conifers (including spruces); range varying; cap gray to grayish olive; stem base not usually rooting and tapered; odor soap-like, mealy, or not distinctive. | |
| 58. | Cap yellow, yellowish, or greenish—or yellow to greenish underneath darker fibers or scales. | 59 |
| 58. | Yellow to greenish shades absent from cap. | 67 |
| 59. | Odor strong and unpleasant, reminiscent of coal tar; taste disagreeable but not mealy; cap dry and fairly bald, pale yellow with a darker center; found in western North America. | Tricholoma sulphureum |
| 59. | Not completely as above. | 60 |
| 60. | Found in western North America; cap yellowish with a brownish center and pressed-down fibers (often streaked in appearance); odor and taste mealy; gills white, discoloring yellowish; stem whitish, sometimes with a pinkish or orangish base, discoloring brownish. | |
| 60. | Not completely as above. | 61 |
| 61. | Taste bitter or not distinctive, but not mealy. | 62 |
| 62. | Cap densely hairy over the center, with pressed-down fibers elsewhere, light yellowish green with a brownish center; gills usually yellowish but occasionally whitish, often discoloring on their edges; taste bitter; widely distributed in North America; cystidia present on gill edges. | Tricholoma aestuans |
| 62. | Cap fairly bald, with occasional small fibers or scales, yellow with a smoky brown center; gills usually whitish but occasionally yellowish, often discoloring on their edges; taste mild or bitter; found east of the Rocky Mountains; cystidia absent. | Tricholoma fumosoluteum |
| 63. | Cap with prominent pressed-down fibers. | 64 |
| 63. | Cap fairly bald—with a few minute fibers or scales, but not as above. | 66 |
| 64. | Gills and stem greenish yellow (sometimes discoloring pinkish); stem base tinged pinkish to purplish red inside and out; cap sharply bell-shaped, grayish green over the center, yellowish to greenish elsewhere. | Tricholoma davisiae |
| 64. | Not completely as above. | 65 |
| 65. | Fibers dark gray to blackish over a yellowish to greenish ground color, creating a streaked appearance. | |
| 65. | Fibers colored like the ground color, which is medium yellow. | |
| 66. | Gills yellow; stem usually yellow (rarely white). | |
| 66. | Gills white; stem usually white, at least over the upper half. | Tricholoma intermedium |
| 67. | Cap slimy when fresh, orange or orangish; stem appearing "sheathed" with distinctive small scales that are colored like the cap but terminate near the apex, leaving a white zone at the top; gills discoloring brownish; odor mealy; taste mealy or bitter. | |
| 67. | Not completely as above. | 68 |
| 68. | Odor strong and unpleasant, reminiscent of coal tar. | 69 |
| 68. | Odor not as above (mild, mealy, fragrant). | 70 |
| 69. | Cap yellowish when young but soon fading to buff with a tan center; gills yellowish, fading to buff; stem with yellow shades in all stages of development. | |
| 69. | Cap creamy white to pale tan in all stages of development; gills without yellow shades; stem whitish. | Tricholoma inamoenum |
| 70. | Cap white or whitish overall—or whitish underneath tan to brown fibrils and scales. | 71 |
| 70. | Cap more highly colored (if fibrils and scales present, ground color not whitish). | 76 |
| 71. | Cap dry and velvety-hairy, pure white; gills white; stem white with a brownish base at maturity; odor and taste mild; described from Mexico; clamp connections present. | Tricholoma albidulum |
| 71. | Not completely as above. | 72 |
| 72. | Cap with tan to brown, gray-brown, or blackish fibers or scales over a white ground color. | 73 |
| 72. | Cap with white fibers or scales—or cap bald. | 75 |
| 73. | Cheilocystidia absent; reported from the Sierra Nevada. | Tricholoma venenatum
sensu Shanks |
| 73. | Cheilocystidia present; variously distributed. | 74 |
| 74. | Cap with dark brown to blackish fibers and scales over a whitish ground; reported from the Sierra Nevada and from the upper Midwest under pines and fir. | |
| 74. | Cap with pale to medium brown fibers and scales over a whitish to brownish ground; reported from the Rocky Mountains. | |
| 75. | Cortina present when very young; cap 4–7 cm across, white, bruising yellowish brown; gills white, discoloring yellowish by maturity; stem white, the base discoloring yellowish with maturity; taste acrid; European species (probably; European authors do not mention the cortina) recorded once from North America in a Michigan conifer plantation; cystidia absent. | Tricholoma albatum |
| 75. | Cortina apparently absent but cap margin with partial veil remnants when young; cap small (1–3.5 cm across), pure white; gills and stem white; odor and taste mild; recorded from Oregon; cystidia present on gill faces and edges. | Tricholoma cystidiosum |
| 76. | Cap gray or grayish (sometimes nearly black). | 77 |
| 76. | Cap brown, brownish, reddish brown, tan, cinnamon, or pinkish buff. | 90 |
| 77. | Taste usually acrid or bitter (sometimes slowly). | 78 |
| 77. | Taste usually mild or mealy. | 80 |
| 78. | Cap conspicuously hairy to scaly, dark gray. | Tricholoma atrodiscum |
| 78. | Cap bald or with inconspicuous, pressed-down fibers (sometimes streaked in appearance), pale to medium gray. | 79 |
| 79. | Cap sharply bell-shaped at maturity, streaked in appearance. | |
| 79. | Cap flat, convex, or rarely broadly bell-shaped at maturity, not streaked or streaked irregularly. | Tricholoma argenteum |
| 80. | Flesh turning promptly reddish when sliced; cap dry, often with purplish shades mixed with gray; stem white to pale gray, discoloring yellowish brown; taste mealy; found in the Pacific Northwest and California. | Tricholoma atroviolaceum |
| 80. | Not completely as above. | 81 |
| 81. | Stem with blackish fibers or scales on the upper half, whitish below; cap moist, usually streaked in appearance; gills white, their edges often discoloring blackish; taste mealy; recorded from Oregon. | Tricholoma nigrum |
| 81. | Not completely as above. | 82 |
| 82. | Cap slimy when fresh and young (in dry conditions or when young specimens are unavailable, check cap surface for appressed needles and debris, or check microscopically for gelatinized hyphae in the pileipellis). | 83 |
| 82. | Cap dry in all stages of development. | 86 |
| 83. | Stem usually developing yellow or yellowish tints. | Tricholoma portentosum |
| 83. | Stem not usually developing yellow shades. | 84 |
| 84. | Cap not conspicuously wrinkled; gills not discoloring; recorded from Idaho. | Tricholoma "nigrocystidiosum" |
| 84. | Cap conspicuously wrinkled; gills discoloring yellowish or pale brownish with age; variously distributed. | 85 |
| 85. | Stem pure white, not discoloring; recorded from the Great Lakes states and Mississippi. | Tricholoma marquettense |
| 85. | Stem whitish, discoloring pale brownish; recorded from California, Washington, and Michigan. | Tricholoma mutabile |
| 86. | Young cap margin inrolled and bearded. | 87 |
| 86. | Young cap margin not as above. | 88 |
| 87. | Stem covered with blackish fibers, base often turning bright red when dried; gills grayish, not discoloring blackish; spores 5–8.5 µm long; cystidia absent. | Tricholoma atrosquamosum
= T. nigromarginatum |
| 87. | Stem white or grayish, without blackish fibers; gills grayish, discoloring gray to blackish in spots; spores 7–10.5 µm long; cystidia sometimes present on gill edges. | Tricholoma moseri |
| 88. | Odor mealy; gills sometimes discoloring yellow near margin with age. | Tricholoma "scalpturatum"
sensu North American authors |
| 88. | Odor not distinctive; gills not yellowing. | 89 |
| 89. | Without a well-defined subpellis of inflated cells. | |
| 90. | Cap pale brownish under small brown fibrils and scales; clamp connections present; western North America. | |
| 90. | Cap varying; clamp connections absent; variously distributed. | 91 |
| 91. | Cap small (1.5–4 cm across), yellowish brown with orange mixed in, especially over the center; taste mild or acrid; stem with rusty orange fibers that darken on handling or with age; mycorrhizal with Douglas-Fir in western North America. | Tricholoma psammopus |
| 91. | Not completely as above. | 92 |
| 92. | Stem with a ring zone, whitish above and orangish brown below; cap reddish brown; taste bitter; cortina present on young specimens; recorded from California. | |
| 92. | Not completely as above. | 93 |
| 93. | Cap prominently wrinkled, olive brown, slimy when fresh and young; stem white, not discoloring (but sometimes dingy near the base); gill edges becoming brownish; recorded from the Great Lakes states and Mississippi. | Tricholoma olivaceobrunneum |
| 93. | Not completely as above. | 94 |
| 94. | Cap brown to yellowish brown, without reddish hues. | 95 |
| 94. | Cap reddish brown, rusty brown, or cinnamon brown. | 96 |
| 95. | Recorded from the Pacific Northwest; gills whitish with brownish edges at maturity; cap usually bell-shaped; stem pale, discoloring brownish. | Tricholoma subumbrinum |
| 95. | Recorded from the Great Lakes states; gills buff, discoloring cinnamon brown; cap convex or flat; stem buff at the apex, light tan below (recorded as a new species in Ovrebo's doctoral dissertation but not later validly republished). | "Tricholoma muskokense" |
| 96. | Cap dry in all stages of development. | 97 |
| 96. | Cap sticky when fresh and young (in dry conditions or when young specimens are unavailable, check cap surface for appressed needles and debris, or check microscopically for gelatinized hyphae). | 98 |
| 97. | Associated with spruces; cap usually orangish brown to reddish brown, becoming quite scaly by maturity; stem becoming hollow; cortina-like tissue sometimes present on the margins of very young caps. | |
| 97. | Associated with pines; cap usually medium to dark brown, becoming finely scaly; stem not usually hollowing; cortina-like tissue absent. | |
| 98. | Stem long in proportion to cap; gills yellowish; spores 5–8.5 x 3.5–6 µm. | Tricholoma transmutans |
| 98. | Stem not normally proportionally long; gills whitish or orangish; spores generally a little shorter and skinnier than above. | 99 |
| 99. | Associated with various conifers; distribution uncertain. | "Tricholoma pessundatum" |
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Kuo, M. (2020, January). The genus Tricholoma. Retrieved from the MushroomExpert.Com Web site: /tricholoma.html
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